Thermal lensing in a laser gain medium

Pump absorption creates a Gaussian temperature profile, which induces a parabolic index gradient n(r) ≈ n₀ + Δn·exp(−r²/w²). This acts as a GRIN lens with focal length f = n₀w²/(2ΔnL). As the medium heats up, Δn grows and f shrinks — rays focus more strongly and may miss the cavity mirror.

10 °C
Focal length f
Index contrast Δn × 10⁻⁴
Cavity status
Ray captured by mirror
Ray escapes cavity
Focal point