Project

# Title Team Members TA Documents Sponsor
35 CarGuard: Autonomous Hot Car and CO Poisoning Mitigator
 Cathy Boman
Emily Xu
Parvati Menon
 Rui Gong design_document1.pdf
final_paper1.pdf
presentation1.pdf
proposal1.pdf
video
# CarGuard: Autonomous Hot Car and CO Poisoning Mitigator
Link to Discussion: https://courses.grainger.illinois.edu/ece445/pace/view-topic.asp?id=77034

Team Members:
- Parvati Menon (parvati3)
- Cathy Boman (cboman2)
- Emily Xu (exu7)

# Problem

Every year, many children and pets die due to hot cars or carbon monoxide poisoning when they are left in a locked vehicle. Parents often forget or knowingly leave their children and pets in a hot, locked car. Even if the parent leaves for a quick 10-minute errand, there are still concerns about heatstrokes since temperatures inside can rise as much as 20 degrees in that short duration of time (Seattle Children’s Hospital). In 2024 alone, 39 kids died from heatstroke of being in a hot car (NSC).

Currently on the market, there exist devices to remind users to open the back door or check the backseat (CNN). The volume of these alarms can be reduced, and as a result, parents can forget they are going off. There is no autonomous solution that works to mitigate the situation when the car’s interior temperature is unsafe.

There are Carbon Monoxide detectors on the market today, but these devices simply sound an alarm when a certain threshold is reached. However, if the user is not in the vicinity, they might get notified of the incident too late.

Sources:
NSC: https://injuryfacts.nsc.org/motor-vehicle/motor-vehicle-safety-issues/hotcars/

Seattle Children’s Hospital: https://www.seattlechildrens.org/health-safety/injury-prevention/dangers-child-alone-car/

CNN: https://www.cnn.com/2023/06/29/business/hot-car-interior-radar/index.html

# Solution

Our solution is to create an autonomous device that immediately creates ventilation for passengers to prevent deaths in a hot car and alert users of a defective exhaust system. Our device will have a temperature and carbon monoxide sensor. If the vehicle's temperature is too high, the device will open the windows in the car. On the driver's side, you attach a device near the buttons (without obstructing the driver) that will push the button to open all windows. If the carbon monoxide levels are too high, the system will alert the user and recommend they get their exhaust checked.

The device will also alert the car's owner through an app that the temperature or CO level is too high and the windows have been lowered. Furthermore, the vehicle will have an intermittent buzzer or alarm that sounds until the CO or temperature levels are safe. The alarm will shut off automatically once the levels are safe or once the car is turned on. The device will also have a camera streaming footage to the app. Through the app, the user can monitor the inside of their car and talk to the passenger.

# Solution Components

The device comprises a carbon monoxide sensor, a temperature sensor, a power control system, a robotic arm mechanism, a communication module, and a microcontroller to monitor surroundings and detect abnormal CO or high-temperature levels. It is also connected to an app that alerts users of possible incidents.

We plan to integrate two PCBs: one for the sensors and robotic control modules and the other for the communication and monitoring module.

## Subsystem 1: Sensor Subsystem
- Carbon Monoxide Sensor
- MQ-7 (20-2000ppm)
- Detects the CO concentration in the air and sends the information to the microcontroller.
- Temperature sensor

- We will make this sensor using resistors, transistors, and a thermistor.
- This sensor will measure the car's temperature and
send the information to the microcontroller.
- Buzzer
- CYT1008
- A buzzer that will sound when the temperature exceeds the chosen threshold. The buzzer will intermittently buzz until the temperature in the car decreases to a safe level.

## Subsystem 2: Robotic Arm
- Proximity Sensor
- SEN-24049
- This sensor will confirm that the window was rolled down completely. This sensor uses ultrasonic waves to detect if an object is in front of it. Once this sensor detects that nothing is in front of it (i.e., the window is completely rolled down), it will signal to the microcontroller that the arm mechanism rolled the windows down.
- Linear Actuator:
- A linear actuator will be used to control the robotic arms to lower the car windows when the temperature inside the car is too high. It can retract, so it doesn’t obstruct the door handle.
- 3D printed prongs
- Four prongs will push the buttons on the driver’s door to open the windows.

## Subsystem 3: App
- We will use Flutter to implement a custom application to communicate with our microcontroller and sensors. This application will contact the user about high temperature or high CO levels.

## Subsystem 4: Power and Voltage Control Subsystem
- We will use a 12-volt power battery to power our first PCB with the sensors and robotic arm. However, in real life, the product will be powered by a car battery as the car’s “resting voltage” measures about 12 volts. Source: https://www.jiffylube.com/resource-center/car-battery-voltage.

- Our system will only use the 12 volts when the robotic arm is activated.
For most of the time when the system is simply checking the temperature and
CO levels of the car, roughly 3.3 volts will be used.

- Since the majority of the time, 3.3 V is used, this system will not drain the car’s
battery excessively.
- We will create a Voltage regulator/Buck Converter using a zener diode, capacitor, and resistor.
- This subsystem is meant to provide the correct voltage to systems that use a voltage lower than the battery voltage. For example, if we use a 12-volt battery and the microcontroller needs 3.3 volts, this subsystem will convert the 12 volts to 3.3 volts.
- For the second PCB, a 5-volt battery will power the camera and speaker subsystem on the second PCB.

## Subsystem 5: Microcontroller
- ESP32
- The microcontroller will handle the processing of signals from the sensors, sending data to the app, and sending signals to the arm mechanism.

## Subsystem 6: Monitoring and Communication (this subsystem will be on a separate PCB)
- ESP32-CAM

- The camera allows users to monitor the inside of their car in real-time.
We will only be using the ESP32-S chip and the OV2640 lens component that will be
attached to the PCB via a FPC 24 connector.
- Mouser COM-11089

- A speaker system will allow parents or users to talk through the app to comfort kids in the car. The speaker can also deter potential thieves who will use this window of opportunity to steal things from the vehicle.
- We plan to use a separate PCB for this subsystem to allow users to place the camera where they see fit.


# Criterion For Success

## Testing Procedure
We will be in contact with the machine shop to have a demo driver’s door. We will use this door to test our system. We plan to test the temperature sensor by placing a heat source on the sensor. To test the CO sensor, we will put the system by the car’s exhaust and run the car.

## On the Software Side:
- The app will also stream camera footage of the interior of the car and allow the user to talk to the passenger in the car. This would allow the user to monitor their car for theft and check on any remaining passengers within the vehicle.
- The app successfully sends a test notification to the user
## On the Hardware Side:
- When the system detects a temperature above some threshold temperature, it will activate the system.
- A sound will play when the temperature threshold is reached
- The linear actuator will extend, and the prongs will press the buttons
- The window should be rolled down past the proximity sensor

- When the temperature returns below the threshold, the alarm should stop ringing, and the linear actuator should retract to its initial position.
- When the temperature sensor detects a temperature above the threshold, the buzzer sounds an alarm.
## Integration:
- When the temperature sensor detects the temperature to be above the threshold, the microcontroller sends an alert to the user via the app.
- The user can speak through the app and this is audible through the speaker.
- If the CO concentration is too high, the sensor will send a signal system to notify the user via the app and recommend fixing the exhaust pipe.

Wireless IntraNetwork

Daniel Gardner, Jeeth Suresh

Wireless IntraNetwork

Featured Project

There is a drastic lack of networking infrastructure in unstable or remote areas, where businesses don’t think they can reliably recoup the large initial cost of construction. Our goal is to bring the internet to these areas. We will use a network of extremely affordable (<$20, made possible by IoT technology) solar-powered nodes that communicate via Wi-Fi with one another and personal devices, donated through organizations such as OLPC, creating an intranet. Each node covers an area approximately 600-800ft in every direction with 4MB/s access and 16GB of cached data, saving valuable bandwidth. Internal communication applications will be provided, minimizing expensive and slow global internet connections. Several solutions exist, but all have failed due to costs of over $200/node or the lack of networking capability.

To connect to the internet at large, a more powerful “server” may be added. This server hooks into the network like other nodes, but contains a cellular connection to connect to the global internet. Any device on the network will be able to access the web via the server’s connection, effectively spreading the cost of a single cellular data plan (which is too expensive for individuals in rural areas). The server also contains a continually-updated several-terabyte cache of educational data and programs, such as Wikipedia and Project Gutenberg. This data gives students and educators high-speed access to resources. Working in harmony, these two components foster economic growth and education, while significantly reducing the costs of adding future infrastructure.